Crises Mechanism and Temporary Protection

The War in Ukraine and Effects on Hungary

Authors

  • Dr. Réka Friedery Centre for Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.57947/qrp.v64i2.218

Keywords:

Hungary, Ukraine, EU, temporary protection, rights

Abstract

The European Union has recently been confronted with a series of crises, with the war in Ukraine serving as a recent illustration of this pattern. The refugee crisis of 2015 and its subsequent years-long aftermath was followed by the health crisis caused by the pandemic of Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The repercussions of the virus have also persisted for an extended duration, and the EU had only recently begun to recuperate from it when hostilities erupted in its immediate vicinity, leading to a refugee crisis on the scale of that witnessed in 2015. In response, the European Union utilized a crisis management instrument not previously employed during the 2015 refugee crisis: the provision of Temporary Protection (TP), which entails the issuance of residence permits for refugees fleeing Ukraine. The present study assesses the legal framework of the implementation of the Temporary Protection Directive and the dynamics that shape the protection offered by Hungary.

Author Biography

Dr. Réka Friedery, Centre for Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

Dr. Réka Friedery is a research fellow at the Department of European Union Law and International Law in the HUN-REN Centre for Social Sciences, Centre for Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

References

AIDA. (2024). Country report: Hungary. 2023 update. European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE). https://asylumineurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/AIDA-HU_2023-Update.pdf

A Technológiai és Ipari Minisztérium. (2022). A külföldi állampolgárok magyarországi munkavállalásának főbb sajátosságai 2021. évben [Main characteristics of foreign nationals’ employment in Hungary in 2021]. https://nfsz.munka.hu/nfsz/document/2/4/0/5/doc_url/Elemzes_a_kulfoldiek_magyarorszagi_munkavallalasarol_2021_evben.pdf

Bodor, K. (2024). Munka és társadalmi igazságosság külföldi munkavállalók Magyarországon: Tények és munkaerőpiaci kihívások [Labour and social justice for foreign workers in Hungary: Facts and labour market challenges]. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/budapest/21809.pdf

Chronowski, N. (2024). Különleges? Jogrend? [Special? Legal order? – The state of art]. JTI Blog. https://jog.tk.hu/blog/2024/03/kulonleges-jogrend-the-state-of-art

Dalkiran, M., & Lipman, J. K. (2025). ‘But we have to be realistic’: Examining the origins of temporary protection in the USA and European Union. Journal of Refugee Studies, 38(1), 181-186. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feaf005

EMN. (2022). Access to accommodation and housing for beneficiaries of temporary protection (EMN Inform). European Migration Network. https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-11/EMN_INFORM_housing.pdf

European Commission, & Asscher, L. (2023). Integration of people fleeing Ukraine in the EU. Publications Office of the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2767/211722

Eurostat. (2022). Ukrainian citizens in the EU. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Ukrainian_citizens_in_the_EU

Eurostat. (2024). Beneficiaries of temporary protection at the end of the month by citizenship, age and sex – monthly data. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/migr_asytpsm__custom_14888816/default/table?lang=en

FRA. (2023). Fleeing Ukraine: Implementing temporary protection at local levels. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. https://fra.europa.eu/sl/publication/2023/fleeing-ukraine-temporary-protection?page=2&pid=13214329-1e88-4e27-8c3e-4091943be7d3#read-online

Gazdaságfejlesztési Minisztérium. (2023). A külföldi állampolgárok magyarországi munkavállalásának főbb sajátosságai a 2022. évben [Main characteristics of foreign nationals’ employment in Hungary in 2022]. https://nfsz.munka.hu/nfsz/document/3/1/4/1/doc_url/Elemzes_a_kulfoldiek_magyarorszagi_munkavallalasarol_2022.pdf

Guild, E. (2006). Where is the nexus? Some final considerations on immigration, integration and citizenship. In S. Carrera (Ed.), The nexus between immigration, integration and citizenship in the EU (pp. 38–40). CEPS. https://cdn.ceps.eu/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/1322.pdf

Hungarian Central Statistical Office. (2022). https://nepszamlalas2022.ksh.hu/eredmenyek/veglegesadatok/kiadvany/assets/nepszamlalas2022-vegleges-adatok.pdf

Hungarian Central Statistical Office. (2024). Népszámlálási atlasz, 2022 [Census Atlas, 2022]. https://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/pdf/nepszamlalasi_atlasz_2022.pdf

Hungary Today. (2022, March 10). War in Ukraine: Over 200,000 refugees arrive to date. https://hungarytoday.hu/ukraine-war-russia-200000-refugees-asylum-arrive-hungary/

IOM. (2023). Hungary. Surveys with refugees from Ukraine: Needs, intentions, and integration challenges. https://hungary.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1591/files/documents/2023-06/dtm-hungary-jan-march-2023-q1.pdf

Krasnicka, I., & Szymanski, C. (2023). Polish response to the war in Ukraine: The protection of refugees. Syracuse Law Review, 2023(2), 503-520. https://lawreview.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Krasnicka-and-Szymanski-503-520.pdf

Lamm, V. (2023). The war in Ukraine in light of international law. Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies, 64(4), 568-579. https://doi.org/10.1556/2052.2023.00003

Karageorgiou, E., & Noll, G. (2023). Receiving Ukrainian refugees in the EU: A case of solidarity? In S. Carrera & M. Ineli-Ciger (Eds.), EU responses to the large-scale refugee displacement from Ukraine – An analysis on the Temporary Protection Directive and its implications for the future EU asylum policy. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2870/90812

Magyar Nemzeti Bank. (2024). Inflációs Jelentés 2024 június [Inflation report June 2024]. https://www.mnb.hu/letoltes/hun-ir-digitalis-26.pdf

Meltem, I.-C. (2023). Reasons for the activation of the Temporary Protection Directive in 2022: A tale of double standards. In S. Carrera & M. Ineli-Ciger (Eds.), EU responses to the large-scale refugee displacement from Ukraine – An analysis on the Temporary Protection Directive and its implications for the future EU asylum policy. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2870/90812

Moise, A. D., Dennison, J., & Kriesi, H. (2023). European attitudes to refugees after the Russian invasion of Ukraine. West European Politics, 47(2), 356-381. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2023.2229688

Nemzetgazdasági Minisztérium. (2024). A külföldi állampolgárok magyarországi munkavállalásának főbb sajátosságai a 2023. évben [Main characteristics of foreign nationals’ employment in Hungary in 2023]. https://nfsz.munka.hu/nfsz/document/4/0/4/9/doc_url/Elemzes_a_kulfoldiek_magyarorszagi_munkavallalasarol_2023_evben.pdf

The Hungarian Helsinki Committee. (2023). Government gains excessive powers from forever renewable state of danger. https://helsinki.hu/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/02/HHC_Hungary_state_of_danger_24022023.pdf

The Hungarian Helsinki Committee. (2024). Country report: Hungary. Overview of the main changes since the previous report update. https://asylumineurope.org/reports/country/hungary/overview-main-changes-previous-report-update/#_Embassy_procedure

UNHCR. (2022). Position on returns to Ukraine. https://www.refworld.org/policy/countrypos/unhcr/2022/en/124038

UNHCR. (2023a). Hungary: Ukrainian refugees experiences and needs on education and parenting. https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/101492

UNHCR. (2023b). Position on voluntary return to Ukraine. https://www.refworld.org/policy/countrypos/unhcr/2023/en/124299

UNHCR. (2024a). Hungary chapter: Regional Refugee Response Plan for the Ukraine Situation 2024. https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/106371

UNHCR. (2024b). Inklúzió Munkacsoport közös üzenetei: Tájékoztató az ukrán menekült és menedékes jogállással rendelkező szülők és gondviselők számára a 2024/2025-ös tanévre vonatkozó óvodai és iskolai beiratkozásról [Joint messages from the Inclusion Working Group: Information for parents and guardians with Ukrainian refugee and asylum status regarding kindergarten and school enrollment for the 2024/2025 academic year]. https://help.unhcr.org/hungary/hu/az-inkluzio-munkacsoport-kozos-uzenetei/

UNHCR. (2025). Ukraine Refugee Situation. Countries featured in the Refugee Response Plan. https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine

Downloads

Published

06/15/2025

How to Cite

Friedery, R. (2025). Crises Mechanism and Temporary Protection: The War in Ukraine and Effects on Hungary. Quarterly on Refugee Problems - AWR Bulletin, 64(2), 225–248. https://doi.org/10.57947/qrp.v64i2.218

Issue

Section

Research Article

Categories